Wow… very very interesting. That’s a mystery solved right there. Thanks for inquiring, Michael! 
There probably are some stylistic or shop differences where they intentionally vary.
I guess when you have been making shamisen for decades, you can intentionally make consistent variations. With my shamisens, variations are always expected, 'cause I don’t think I have the skill to make two pieces exactly the same. I just hope that any unintentional variations end up looking cool. 
Isono san (Asano Sho’s maker) had showed me itomaki holes which he had just drilled/reamed into the tenjin. He noted that the ichi no itomaki hole was about 1mm off center, and asked me why he did it. For sound improvements? I didn’t think so… As I stood there puzzled, he finally said that it was one of his trademarks, to stand his shamisen apart from others. I mean, talk about a symbol of your mastery! When I drill itomaki holes, it’s all I can do to prevent splintering and misalignment.
Anyway, I guess the moral is the “standard” sizes vary only because the makers are skilled enough to adapt it to their preferences, not because they aren’t able to make the same size twice (which is my problem :P)
Keep in mind that this is measuring across the top of the dou to the sharp edge. This is where a lot of variation can occur with Joe shamisen player measuring his shamisen and reporting the dimensions.
I suspect that’s done before kawahari, as some kawahari people round the edge a lot more than others. (On some shamisen, you can see a clean edge of the dou under the skin, and others it looks more subdued) Thus, a person measuring their shamisen would get a different result, due to the rounding (of varying degree) and thickness of the skin.
Very interesting stuff!
Do you know if there is a standard measurements for sao, or is that more personalized to the maker? When perusing the listings of 3000,000yen shamisen on Rakuten (Hey, we all have our dream car which we can never afford, but like to look at
), I noticed that sao thickness varied, but with no apparent reason.